Comparison of Poems Donnes Death Be Not Proud and Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death

One of the most powerful and captivating issues about poetry is the ability to describe the same themes in many different and unpredictable ways. Constant discussions about death, its perception by people, and the possibility to avoid death seem to be the most frequent literary issues for consideration. The two poems of different authors will be analyzed and evaluated in this paper.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Poems: Donne’s Death Be Not Proud and Dickinson’s Because I Could Not Stop for Death specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Emily Dickinson and John Donne made two powerful attempts to examine the role of death in the world and the variety of attitudes to this issue. Death Be Not Proud by Donne and Because I Could Not Stop for Death by Dickinson are the two poems with different approaches to one problem. However, it is wrong to call death a problem, this is why it is better to say that these two works help to comprehend the essence of death that is impossible to neglect and wrong to be afraid of. Donne and Dickinson’s works are characterized by the use of different stylistic devices (personification and metaphor), the contrast in tones of the story (sarcasm and obedience), different literary techniques, and different writing styles; and these numerous differences make these poems so powerful and so immortal for the readers as well as help them learn and comprehend the essence of death in the most appropriate ways. In order to define the differences and similarities between the poems under discussion, it is crucially important to clear up the main themes of the works and authors’ intentions. Though the authors use the same idea to start their poems with, the chosen approaches to define the main point remain different. Dickinson’s poem begins with the phrase â€Å"because I could not stop for death† (Dickinson line 1) that is also th e title of the poem. Donne opens the poem in the same way using the title of the poem as the first line and introducing the theme namely â€Å"death, be not proud† (Donne line 1). Dickenson defines death as a visit to the narrator according to which death takes her towards her eternal grave. In his turn, Donne tries to criticize death from numerous perspectives calling it a slave who does not have any control over the narrator. At the same time, it is clear that both authors portray death contrary to the popular beliefs presenting it as harsh, cruel, powerful, or supreme. They are not afraid of showing their own attitudes towards death, but, at this, they do not insist that their attitudes are the only correct ones. All they try to do is to introduce their personal ways of how it is possible to treat death and be ready to accept it when the time comes. Though their main theme is death, it does not mean that they introduce similar ideas and approaches, and this is what attract s the readers’ attention and make people believe that death has its own weak and strong sides.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the main differences which have to be mentioned is the use of different stylistic devices such as personification and metaphors that help to introduce death to the reader. To prove that death is something that people should not be afraid of, Donne tries to personify it from the very beginning. The use of such Old English personal pronouns as thee and thou demonstrate the author’s intentions to represent death as something that is clear and evident. With the help of personification, it is not that difficult to believe that death is not as scary as it seems. Even if â€Å"our best men with thee do go/ Rest of their ones, and soul’s delivery† (Donne lines 7-8), there is no reason to be afraid of this personalized is sue. As for the Dickinson’s poem, the decision to use another type of metaphor is made. The image of a journey in â€Å"the carriage held but just ourselves† (Dickinson line 3) is used to describe her life and moving towards the end of life. Children who play in the yard symbolize her youthful days. The field of gazing grain becomes a symbol of the mature age, and the setting sun becomes a symbol of her old age. As soon as the narrator moves towards her eternal home, she becomes more mature and exhausted to resist death, and the things around her become animate. Just like Donne, this author tries to explain that death is not as invisible and intangible as many people tend to believe. However, it is wrong to personify it because it is not about life that is given to every person but, on the contrary, it is the end of this life, the eternal sleep that has to be accepted. One more peculiarity of these two poems is the attitude and the tones which are used by the authors: for instance, Donne cannot believe that death may have enough power to make orders and influence people’s lives while Dickinson cannot find enough strengths to resist this power and reject the journey offered to the narrator. Donne’s poem is full of sarcasm. This author mocks at death that tries to become a powerful person to be proud of. His poem brings death to the level of nothingness. Death is a thing that has no power, no control over itself and other people’s desires, and no rights for existence. Such words as â€Å"poor† and â€Å"slave† are used to laugh at death. Toward the end of the poem, he sarcastically states â€Å"why swell’st thou then?† (Donne line 12). This question and the tone emphasize how weak and miserable death can be and how easy it is to mock at her. â€Å"And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die† (Donne line 14). These words reflect Donne’s strong sarcastic tone one more time and creat e an idea that people cannot die; but it is actually death that has to die because human souls continue living in the eternal world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Poems: Donne’s Death Be Not Proud and Dickinson’s Because I Could Not Stop for Death specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Dickenson’s poem has the tone that is more submissive. The narrator depicts her submission before death and travels with it towards her eternal destination. Her sense of submission is evident from the fact that she gives life to inanimate objects and makes herself inanimate. Other words, such as â€Å"he knew no haste† (Dickinson line 5) and â€Å"he kindly stopped for me† (Dickinson line 2) prove the fact that the narrator accepts her status of a slave to death. During the whole poem, it is possible to observe that the tone chosen by the narrator starts changing. The narrator feels that everything around her is going to change and betray her. She is not informed about what should happen to her in the nearest future. She is lost, and no one can show the right way. This journey is over for her, and nothing can be changed and no other journeys can be taken. It is the end that she did not expect, and it is hard to believe that somebody or something can treat her this way. Among the variety of literary techniques which influence the writing style of the author, it is possible to define the use of conceit and monologues in the poems. Conceit is farfetched personifications according to which two unlike objects are compared and made look similar. Donne seems to be a master of conceit; his poem draws a strong and influential comparison between death and a person who considers himself to be proud. â€Å"Mighty and dreadful, for thou are not so† (Donne line 2) – this phrase is used to indicate death’s notions about itself. Dickinson also uses the sa me conceit and portrays death as a man; however, the use of such words as â€Å"kindly†, â€Å"civility†, â€Å"no haste† cannot create any positive impression about death and its functions in the poem. This metaphor is deeper and more serious as it gives life: â€Å"we passed the fields of gazing grain/ we passed the setting sun† (Dickinson lines 11-12). What is more, death may be perceived more like a suitor who has come to marry the narrator and take her away. However, it is not the only image of death that can be observed in the poem. There is another silent person in the carriage that is called â€Å"Immortality†. It is not the example of personification as it is in the Donne’s poem; however, it is one more idea to think about and realize what death actually is.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to such specific and powerful literary techniques, it is not very difficult to analyze the style of writing and the messages which are presented by different authors. Donne as the author who does not have either respect or fear to death tries to use as many offensive words as possible to show how miserable can death be. His style of writing seems to be a bit difficult due to the use of some Old English words; however, in general, every message is clear and comprehensible. As for the Dickinson’s writing style, there are no difficulties to comprehend each her word and thought. She is lost, scared, and confused about what happens to her. Still, she is able to say clearly what may bother her and why. Her writing style and the chosen sequence of ideas attract many readers; this is why it is always interesting to re-read this poem and try to find out another detail and enjoy this story and this journey, once again. Without any doubts, Donne and Dickinson’s poems are the two masterpieces in English Literature. The theme of death has fascinated writers since centuries. Their treatment to the theme is a reflection of the individuality of both poets. The poems under consideration present a deep insight into the views of the two poets. The use of different literary techniques, tones, and styles of writing may serve as a powerful reason of the fact that these poems have maintained their individuality. Dickinson and Donne are the great authors who provide their readers with a chance to evaluate the role of death in our world and decide how exactly it should be met by those who it comes for. Works Cited Dickinson, Emily. â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death.† The Literature Network. 22 Apr.2010. Web. Donne, John. â€Å"Death, Be Not Proud.† Poetry.org. 22 Apr. 2010, https://poets.org/ This essay on Comparison of Poems: Donne’s Death Be Not Proud and Dickinson’s Because I Could Not Stop for Death was written and submitted by user Flatman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

99 Red Balloons Essays

99 Red Balloons Essays 99 Red Balloons Essay 99 Red Balloons Essay 99 Red Balloons AnalysisThis was one of the songs in the 80s to make a point about the brinkmanship and paranoia/hysteria surrounding the issue of war. The song talks about Nena and the listener buying 99 Balloons in a shop and letting them go, for fun. These balloons show up on the radar as unidentified objects and both sides scramble planes and go to full alert to counteract a perceived nuclear attack, when in fact it is the most childlike of things, a bunch of balloons.This song was recorded in 1982, released in Germany in 1983 and in the United Kingdom in 1984. It appeared first as a single titled 99 Luftballons. The lyrics for the song were written by Nenas guitarist Carlo Karges and the music was composed by Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen , Nenas keyboardist. The song made it to the top spot in the UK charts and the second spot in the US.The idea for the song came to Karges while Nena was playing at a Rolling Stones concert in Berlin. During the show Karges noticed that a number of ba lloons were being released. As he watched them fly away he noticed that they looked more like a space craft than a bunch of balloons. He then began to wonder what would happen if the clump of balloons drifted into communist east Germany.The song was written during a period of escalating rhetoric and tension between the US and the Soviet Union. During this period the policy of detente, which had progressed under the Nixon and Carter administrations, was undermined by the stern anti-communist stance of Ronald Regan, who famously described the Soviet Union as an evil empire. This was a drastic move away from the policy of cooperation that had resulted in the SALT I, SALT II, and Non-nuclear proliferation treaties. It is possible that part of the appeal of 99 Red Balloons was the way in which it captured the growing sense of danger in this period. In particular the deployment by the US of Pershing II missiles in west Germany led to a storm of protest in Europe during

An Evaluation of Wireless Intrusion Prevention and Protecting Insecure Research Paper

An Evaluation of Wireless Intrusion Prevention and Protecting Insecure Channels - Research Paper Example Now the latest mobile and computing devices such as iPhones also provide considerable support for accessing Internet through wireless computing. Without a doubt, wireless computing offers a large number of benefits and opportunities for both business and individual users but at the same time they also facilitate hackers and attackers to complete their illegal tasks. This paper presents a detailed analysis of some of the important aspects associated with wireless networks. This paper discusses how wireless networks work, what benefits do they offer. This paper also discusses various types and protocols for wireless networks. This paper will also discuss a number of security threats associated with these networks. This paper also discusses various strategies to deal with these security threats. ... This paper also discusses various types and protocols for wireless networks. This paper will also discuss a number of security threats associated with these networks. This paper also discusses various strategies to deal with these security threats. Introduction Wireless networking has emerged as a very useful technology and the majority of organizations have started moving their network infrastructures to wireless networking environments. The basic reason of this transformation is the opportunities and advantages offered by wireless technology at the minimum cost and with maximum convenience. In fact, wireless networks allow organizations to build their communication infrastructures without using wires. In order to enable communications, these networks use radio waves instead of wires. As a result, these networks can be established in areas where wires cannot be used. Without a doubt, wireless technology offers a large number of advantages over traditional networking technologies tha t’s why their usage is continuously increasing with the passage of time, but they also bring serious security issues that affect the quality of communication. Additionally, wireless networks can face a variety of challenges and in some cases people using these networks lose their personal data which can be used to carry out illegal tasks (Neumerkel & Grob, 2006; Klasnja, et al., 2009). The basic purpose of this paper is to present a detailed analysis of wireless technology and issues associated with them. The structure of this paper is as follows: The discussion of the topic starts with a detailed introduction of wireless technology. After that a detailed discussion on wireless security issues has been provided. This

Ethics in financial institutions Literature review

Ethics in financial institutions - Literature review Example Releasing such information to third parties exposes the customers to potential threats of information. Financial institutions should not only focus on improving their welfare but also that of the clients. To achieve this, it is vital that customers are involved in major decision making of any financial institution. For instance, before a bank can introduce any products in the market, it will be vital to seek the customers’ indulgence. This owes to the fact that such products are aimed at adding value to customers. On the other hand, it is the responsibility of the financial institution to protect the plight of the customers. This is in terms of any losses that may occur. For instance, technological advancement in the financial sector has opened an avenue for malpractices and fraudulent activities. Currently, there are many financial institutions, which have been hacked into making it difficult to operate. This has happened while these financial institutions straggle to maintai n good relationship with the customers. There are various forms of unethical practices, which a financial institution can be accused of taking part in. the major ones include corruption, failing to disseminate proper information to customers and extorting customers in terms of prices. Embezzlement of funds is a major issue, which many financial institutions grapple with. This is especially in countries, which lack transparency and accountability within the financial institutions. However, financial institutions should not be entirely responsible for all losses, which the customers incur. This is mostly focusing on the fact that such customers may, through their ignorance share their confidential information with third parties. This is especially those using ATM cards. Such individuals may share information, which can cause them get into major problems. The following discussion focuses on the literature review on ethics in financial institutions. Literature review According to Goodpa ster (84), financial institutions are out to service customers and therefore must abide to the moral ethical principles. One of the main things that the customers are looking for is a financial institution, which they can trust to give them the services needed. Trust is built on the quality of services offered to customers as well as the communication between the two. The financial institutions should be willing to disclose all the information that the customers need. Customers need all the financial information, which an institution deems important. In addition to that, the financial institutions should inform the customers on any changes, which have taken place. Keeping constant communication with the customers is one of the main ways through which trust is built between the customers and financial institutions. Secondly, Goodpaster (65), states that there is need to have customer confidentiality. The information of the customer should not be disclosed to third parties. If this ha ppens, the customer may lose their money. For that fact, there is need to ensure that the customer’s money is protected against any loss. The financial institutions however have been witnessing many challenges due to increased fraudulent activities. Hackers have been able to get access to even the most guarded institutions in the world. Recently, some financial institutions in the United States have been hacked by fraudsters causing havoc within

1.3&1.4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

1.3
.4 - Essay Example In as much as every medical personnel has some insight on these effects, different professionals have varying levels of competence (understanding) in each field as a result of various specializations. This network of assistance is evidenced, for instance, when an occupational therapist decides that it is essential for the patient to communicate over the phone with their child, say in Melbourne. This is however difficult because the stroke suffered by the client has left them with a wanting arm’s motions range and scapulohumeral rhythm. In this case, a speech therapist is needed to ascertain whether the patient is able to use the mouth muscles in talking with the child while a physiotherapist ensures the patient utilize the arms and shoulders well by putting them through certain exercise regimes such as the range of motion exercises. In the example above, the consenting patient gets the best health care provision and therapy from the sound collaboration of these three medical professionals. Effective communication strategies between the three fields of healthcare ensure that all the relevant data and outcomes concerning the client are shared. This results in the best possible delivery of health care. Different health care workers have various beneficial views on healthcare that may stand in good stead for a particular client condition. Collaborative approach to healthcare instills confidence in the family of the patient and ensures that the families do not see the need to unnecessarily shift the patient from one doctor to another of different view or from one hospital to the next. There is thus continuity and progress in provision of care. The central theme of communication amongst medical workers became evident during the handover, in the movie, between the two nurses. In the first case between the two nurses, the

An overview: Chikungunya fever

An overview: Chikungunya fever Introduction The derivation of chikungunya came from Tanzania, when there were reports of a dengue-like symptom outbreak in 1952-1953, in the Newala and Masasi Districts of the Southern Province. However, dengue was later excluded on the basis that this epidemic involved patients suffering from debilitating joint pains and shorter incubation period which are not clinical features of dengue. Consequently, the illness was called chikungunya; (Robinson 1955) a word from the Makonde dialect describing patients contorted posture (Lumsden 1955). Chikungunya is an arthropod borne virus (arbovirus) of the genus: Alphavirus from Togaviridae family. It is transmitted to humans mainly by day biting mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Townson and Nathan 2008). Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) contains a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome, enclosed in an icosahedral nucleocapsid (combination of nucleic acid and capsid) all enclosed in a phospholipid bilayer envelope. Embedded in the envelope are multiple copies of two encoded glycoproteins E1 and E2, a small glycoprotein E3, and a hydrophobic peptide 6K (Strauss and Strauss 1994). History There were no previous reported cases of chikungunya or dengue in Tanzania before the chikungunya epidemic in 1952 1953 thus, the inhabitants were highly susceptible in acquiring CHIKV infections (Robinson 1955). Prescott et al, 2002 stated that herd immunity; that is, the immunity that is acquired by a large proportion of the population either through vaccination, or from previous infections, thereby rendering the population resistant to the spread of the diseases. Furthermore, other factors could have contributed to the epidemic including records of unusually high rainfall during February to May 1952. Consequently, this condition was thought to provide suitable breeding environment for the mosquitoes to expand their population, suggesting that the main vector of transmissions were mosquitoes (Lumsden 1955). However, not only high rainfall was implicated in enhancing mosquitoes breeding environment, but also water filled clay jars dug in the inhabitants huts floor in preparation fo r the drought season. Consequently, these jars are rarely completely emptied, which further enhanced mosquitoes populations. Another contributing factor to the epidemic could be the living conditions and lifestyles of the indigenous populations. Animals such as fowl, pigeons and occasionally goats were reared in the inhabitants huts. Consequently, these vertebrates could also serve as CHIKV hosts, and thus, this has provided opportunities for transmissions between animals and humans. During early January 1953, the incidence of the epidemic has reached its peak (Lumsden 1955). However, once a person has acquired the infection, that person will become immune to further infections with the same virus (Robinson 1955). Subsequently, this means that as herd immunity increases, the number of viraemic inhabitants decreases. Aim Consequently, it has inspired this literature review on chikungunya in assessing its outbreaks incidence and prevalence, its associations with dengue and the vectors. Furthermore, from this to determine if it poses a risk that Western medicine should be planning for. Clinical Features Chikungunya has a viraemic incubation period of 3-12 days (Robinson 1955). Rezza et al. (2007) described chikungunya as a mild and self limited disease in most of the patients. with patients presenting with clinical features such as fever ranging from 39-39.8oC, fatigue, skin rash (sometimes itches), headache, joint pain (arthalgia), muscle pain (myalgia), diarrhoea, vomiting, photophobia, and conjunctivitis. Furthermore, Kannan et al. (2009) observed most of the above symptoms with inclusion of oedema, oral ulcers, nausea, and haemorrhage. Arthalgia and myalgia involves extremities such as wrists, ankles, hands, feet and phalanges. However, arthalgia, myalgia, oedema, lethargy, and weakness persisted even after fever had subsided (Kannan et al. 2009). However, the La Reunion outbreak observed vertical transmissions from mother to child, with newborns presenting with chikungunya infection without prior involvement of mosquitoes. These infants presented with fever, pain, poor feeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), petechiae, distal joint oedema, and thrombocytopenia. Also involved were severe neonatal infections including encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever. Furthermore, there were cases whereby transient brain haemorrhages were complicated by the presence of DIC (Gà ©rardin et al. 2008). Table 1: represents different clinical features that were associated with chikungunya infection during several outbreaks. Clinical Features associated with Chikungunya Most common Joint pain (96.6%) Fever Fever Fever Fever (96.3%) Joint pain Joint pain Arthalgia Headache (71.2%) Arthritis Fatigue Myalgia Muscle pain (62.6%) Myalgia Skin rash Headache Cutaneous eruptions (32.5%) Arthralgia Headache Anorexia Headache Muscle pain Nausea Rash Diarrhoea Itch/ Rash Sore throat Itch/ Rash Oedema Vomiting Oral ulcer Photophobia Eye pain Conjunctivitis Vomiting Eye congestion Least common Haemorrhage Reference Renault et al. 2007 Yosulf et al. 2008 Kannan et al. 2009 Distribution of Chikungunya The World Health Organisation (WHO) alerted the Global Alert and Response Network in March 2005, of an impending outbreak of chikungunya fever in the Comoro Islands. It was the first Southwestern Indian Ocean islands to be implicated in the epidemic, subsequently; other countries were later implicated in this epidemic. The emergence of the epidemic in Mayotte was imported from Grande-Comore by mid-April and by the end of April Mauritius was also implicated. Overall, the Southwestern Indian Ocean region was believed to be afflicted by the first emergence of CHIKV (Renault et al. 2007). In April 2005, a chikungunya infection which started in Grande-Comorre was imported into La Reunion (French Overseas Territory), became its first severe reported case, in March 2004 to April 2005. It resulted in the establishment of a wide operational epidemiologic surveillance system by the islands local authority with the following objectives monitor epidemic trends, characterise cases and detect new transmission clusters to provide orientations for prevention and vector control. Unfortunately, the collection of data was not conducted scientifically, as the figures of reported cases were not scientifically correlated (Renault et al. 2007). Moreover, there were also flaws in the correlation of the epidemic curve as the capacity of the surveillance system was not sufficient to evaluate the number of cases. Consequently, this resulted in an underestimated number of reported cases. (Renault et al. 2007). Approximately 3% cases did not correspond with the criteria defining suspected cas es as an abrupt onset of fever >38.5oC accompanied by debilitating joint pain. However, Renault et al. (2007) argued that these were mainly due to some atypical cases that were confirmed by laboratory testing and also due to errors in reporting cases. Moreover, there could have been misdiagnosis of chikungunya infection as not all of the atypical cases were laboratory confirmed; and also the previous year there were outbreak of dengue. By April 2006, 203 deaths which were either directly or indirectly attributed to chikungunya infection with the mortality rate of 0.3/1000 people with a median age of 79. Consequently, the number of deaths was minimal. Moreover, the low immune status of the individual as indicated by the age could have been a contributing factor to the death, as some of these individuals were presented with other underlying conditions. However, direct association between death and infection was not confirmed due to the absence of autopsies, consequently; this made it difficult to assess the extent chikungunya virus had on death. Mayotte, an island of the Comoros archipelago was involved in the first CHIKV outbreak in April 2005 to July 2006 affecting approximately 6346 residents. The outbreak involved two waves, with peak occurring in the second wave aroIn the Maldives, an outbreak occurred during December 2006 to April 2007 with 11879 confirmed and suspected cases. Out of the 197 inhabited Maldives islands 121 islands reported CHIKV. The epidemic was thought to be associated with unusually high rainfall from October 2006 to March 2007 and post tsunami construction activities which provided breeding sites for mosquitoes. (Yoosuf et al. 2008). On the east coast of Madagascar, in Toamasina, Chikungunya virus and Dengue type 1 virus outbreak were reported during January to March 2006. The study involved interrogating 4,242 residents in 27 neighbourhoods, of which 2,863 were suspected cases and of these 44 were hospitalised cases. 55 patients serum were sampled after passing the criteria which included having less than five days of fever as well as three of these symptoms: headache, myalgia, arthralgia, retroorbital pain or rash. The results included 24 dengue patients, 4 chikungunya and 10 co-infections. As the study was only based on clinical investigations, and only a few samples were analysed, there were insufficient investigation to measure the Chikungunyas and Dengues contributions in the 2 peaks of the epidemic curve. Furthermore, 2 of the 24 Dengue patients had IgM Chikungunya virus. This could be caused by false positive or false negative results, resulting in misdiagnosis or they were in fact co-infections (Ratsitor ahina et al. 2008). The cases represented on the map are either confirmed cases or suspected cases. Reference: 1 Krastinova et al. 2006, 2 Rezza et al. 2007, 3 Pastorino et al. 2004, 4 Sissoko et al. 2008, 5 Lumsden 1955, 6 Tamburro and Depertat 2009, 7 CDC 2009, 8 WHO 2008, 9 Yoosuf et al. 2009. Transmission of CHIKV CHIKV requires an invertebrate and vertebrate host in order to complete its replication cycle (Pardigon 2009). Invertebrate hosts also known as definitive hosts are mainly the Aedes mosquito species. The Aedes mosquito becomes infected subsequent to ingesting viraemic blood meal from infected vertebrate hosts. The blood meal containing CHIKV travel to the gut, there CHIKV undergo replication within the gut wall. Subsequently, CHIKV contain mechanisms permitting its penetration into the mosquitoes tissues. From there, it passes through either the bloodstream or by other methods (not well known) to different sites of the body such as the salivary glands where it undergoes further replication. Extrinsic incubation period (EIP) is defined as the time taken for the vector to transmit CHIKV after ingesting a viraemic blood meal. Subsequently, there are factors that could influence the length of the EIP including temperature which increases when the EIP decreases. This is thought to be an i nverse proportional relationship. Moreover, the quantity of viraemic blood ingested is another factor (Cook and Zumla 2009). Furthermore, Ross (1956) research demonstrated that a mosquito could harbour viral particles for up to 30 days. Gould and Higgs (2009) suggested that vertical transmission of CHIKV from infected mosquitoes result in infected mosquitoes eggs. These eggs, due to their dessicated nature, are able to survive for long period of time in the environment where it hatches during the rainy season. Sylvatic transmission cycle involves vertebrate hosts such as primates, birds, and rodents which serve as natural hosts (Pardigon 2009). However, humans were considered accidental hosts, resulting in urban transmission cycles producing epidemics. After taking a viraemic bloodmeal from an infected human the domestic mosquitoes can also become infected thereby contributing to the outbreaks (Gould and Higgs 2009). Distributions of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti The main vectors of chikungunya are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The vector involved in the 2005/2006 Mayotte outbreak was Aedes albopictus which resided locally on the island (Sissoko et al. 2008). Aedes albopictus was involved in the 2006 Dengue fever and Chikungunya outbreak in Madagascar. The mosquito was found in drums, buckets, coconut shells, discarded cans, pots wet containers and tyres (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008). In the 2007 Italian outbreak, the only vector present was Aedes albopictus (Rezza et al. 2007). The main vector associated with recent outbreaks was Aedes albopictus. Effect of climate change Most of the cases occurred after reports of high rainfall. Association with Dengue Fever and Malaria In the 1999-2000 Democratric Republic of Congo outbreak, patients had acquired simultaneous CHIKV and Plasmodium falciparum infection. However, there were not sufficient evidence to prove co-infection between the two but it was assumed by the authors that it was probable (Pastorino et al. 2004). Compared to CHIKV, dengue virus is of the genus Flavirivirus from Flaviridae family and contains 4 serotypes (Dayal-Drager 2004 cited by Seyler et al. 2009). The 2006 Madagascar outbreak showed that the mosquito can harbour both Chikungunya and dengue virus (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008). CHIKV is often masked by dengue fever due to similar clinical features. Consequently, a study by Vazeille et al. (2008) demonstrated that Aedes aegypti has a higher susceptibility in Dengue 2 virus and a lower susceptibility to CHIKV. Moreover, studies by Vazeille et al. (2008) and Moutailler et al. (2009) demonstrated that Aedes albopictus are more effiecient at harbouring CHIKV than dengue 2 virus. Importation into Europe France Between March 2005 to August 2006, 80 visitors from Chikungunya infected countries in the Southwest Indian Ocean region (La Reunion, Mauritius, Mayotte, Comoros and India) confirmed chikungunya infection at Pitià ©-Salpà ªtrià ¨ne Hospital in Paris, France (Hochedez et al. 2007). Italy In 2007, a massive CHIKV outbreak occurred in the Emilia Romagna region in northeastern Italy. There were 205 identified cases with frebile illness reported in Castiglione di Cervia and Castiglione di Ravenna villages (171) separated by the river in Revana province, and Cervia (13) and other villages (21), between July 4 to September 27. The epidemic was believed to be imported from Kerala, India (CHIKV epidemic infested area) by a man, who after two days of his arrival in Castiglione di Cervia developed frebile illness. The majority of the cases were the elderly (median age 60) representing increased incidence with age. Aedes albopictus which causes Chikungunya was also found in the area of the epidemic which further propagated the virus. Positive CHIKV sequences were detected in 90 captured Aedes albopictus mosquitoes from Castiglione di Cervia and 125 from Castiglione di Ravenna. Most cases occurred in Castiglione di Cervia and Castiglione di Ravenna Villages with peak incidence d uring third week of August. The 13 Cervia cases were local transmission introduced from Castiglione through migration (Rezza et al. 2007). Other European Countries Due to travelling, several European countries have encountered CHIKV from viraemic travellers from epidemic countries (Panning et al. 2008). The study was conducted at the Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany involved 680 patients. References Beran, G. W. (1994) Handbook of zoonoses. Section B: Viral. 2nd Edition. CRC Press LLC: Florida. CDC. (2009) Outbreak notice. Chikungunya in Asia and the Indian Ocean. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/content/outbreak-notice/chikungunya-fever.aspx. Accessed on 28th January 2010. CDC. (2008) Chikungunya Transmission http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/Chikungunya/CH_Transmission.html Downloaded on 8th December 2009. Cook, G. C., Zumla, A. I. (2009) Mansons Tropical Diseases. 22nd Edition. Saunders: China. Gà ©rardin, P., Barau, G., Michault, A., Bintner, M., Randrianaivo, H., Choker, G., Lenglet, Y., Touret, Y., Bouveret, A., Grivard, P., Le Roux, K., Blanc, S., Schuffenecker, I., Couderc, T., Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., Lecuit, M., Robillard, P-Y. (2008) Multidisciplinary Prospective Study of Mother-to-Child Chikungunya virus Infections on the Island of La Rà ©union. PLoS Medicine, 5(3), 413-423. Gould, E. A., Higgs, S. (2009) Impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 103(2), 109-121. Hochedez, P., Hausfater, P., Jaureguiberry, S., Gay, F., Datry, A., Danis, M., Bricaire, F., Bossi, P. (2007) Cases of Chikungunya Fever Imported from the Islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean to Paris, France. Eurosurveillance. 12(1-3). Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=679LanguageId=2. Accessed date: 12th November 2009. Kannan, M., Rajendran, R., Sunish, I. P., Balasubramaniam, R., Arunachalam, N., Paramasivan, R., Tewari, S. C., Philip, Samuel, P., Tyagi, B. K. (2009) A study on chikungunya outbreak during 2007 in Kerala, south India. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 129,(3), 311-315. Krastinova, E., Quatresous, I., Tarantola, A. (2006) Imported cases of chikungunya in metropolitan France. Eurosurveillance, 34(11). Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3030. Accessed on: 28th January 2010. Lumsden, W. H. R. (1955) An Epidemic of Virus Disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53 II. General Description and Epidemiology. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hgeine. 49(1), 33-57. Moutailler, S., Barre, H., Vazielle, M., Failloux, A-B. (2009) Recently introduced Aedes albopictus in Corsica is competent to Chikungunya virus and in a lesser extent to dengue virus. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 14(9), 1105-1109. Panning, M., Grywna, K., Van Esbroeck, M., Emmerich, P., Drosten, C. (2008) Chikungunya Fever in Travellers Returning to Europe from the Indian Ocean Region, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14(3), 416-422. Paquet, C., Quatresous, I., Solet, J.-L., Sissoko, D., Renault, P., Pierre, V., Cordel, H., Lassalle, C., Thiria, J., Zeller, H., Schuffnecker, I. (2006) Chikungunya outbreak In Rà ©union: epidemiology and surveillance, 2005 to early January 2006. Eurosurveillance. 11(5). Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2891. Accessed on: 12th November 2009. Pardigon, N. (2009) The biology of chikungunya: A brief review of what we still do not know. Pathologie Biologie. 57(2), 127-132. Pastorino, B., Muyembe-Tamfum, J.J., Bessaud, M., Tock, F., Tolou, H., Durand, J.P., Peyrefitte, C.N. (2004) Epidemic Resurgence of Chikungunya Virus in Democratic Republic of the Congo: Identification of the New Central African Strain. Journal of Medical Virology 74(2), 277-282. Pialoux, G., Gaà ¼zà ¨re, B.-A., Jaurà ©guiberry, S., Strobel, M. (2007) Chikungunya, an epidemic arbovirosis. Lancet Infectious Diseases 7(5), 319-327. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P., Klein, D.A. (2002) Microbiology. Fifth Edition. Boston; London : McGraw-Hill. Ratsitorahina, M., Harisoa, J., Ratovonjato, J., Biacabe, S., Reynes, J.-M., Zeller, H., Raoelina, Y., Talarmin, A., Richard, V., Soares, J.-L. (2008) Outbreak of Dengue and Chikungunya Fevers, Toamasina, Madagascar, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14(7), 1135-1137. Renault, P., Solet, J.-L., Sissoko, D., Balleydier, E., Larrieu, S., Filleul, L., Lassalle, C., Thiria, J., Rachou, E., De Valk, H., Ilef, D., Ledrans, M., Quatresous, I., Quenel, P., Pierre, V. (2007) A major epidemic of chikungunya virus infection on Reunion Island, France, 2005-2006. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77(4), 727-731. Rezza, G., Nicoletti, L., Angelini, R., Romi, R., Finarelli, A.C., Panning, M., Cordioli, P., Fortuna, C., Boros, S., Magurano, F., Silvi, G., Angelini, P., Dottori, M., Ciufolini, M.G., Majori, G. C., Cassone, A. (2007) Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region. Lancet. 370(9602), 1840-1846. Robinson, M.C. (1952) An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-1953. I Clinical features. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 49(1), 28-32. Ross, R. W. (1956). The Journal of Hygiene. 54(2): 192-200. Sissoko, D., Malvy, D., Giry, C., Delmas, G., Paquet, C., Gabrie, P., Pettinelli, F., Sanquer, M.-A., Pierre, V. (2008) Outbreak of Chikungunya fever in Mayotte, Comoros archipelago, 2005-2006. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 102(8), 780-786. Staikowsky, F., Talarmin, F., Grivard, P., Souab, A., Schuffenecker, I., Le Roux, K., Lecuit, M. Michault, A. (2009) Prospective Study of Chikungunya Virus Acute Infection in the Island of La Rà ©union during the 2005-2006 Outbreak. PLoS one. 4(10), e7603. Strauss, J. H., Strauss, E. G. (1994) The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. Microbiological Reviews. 58(3), 491-562. Tamburro, M., Depertat, T. (2009) Protection measures against mosquito bites in Reunion island during chikungunya epidemics in 2005- 2006 and since then. Archives de Pà ©diatrie, 16(6), 763-765. Townson, H., Nathan, M. B. (2008) Resurgence of chikungunya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 102(4), 308-309. Vazeille, M., Moutailler, S., Pages, F., Jarjaval, F., Failloux, A.-B. (2008) Introduction of Aedes albopictus in Gabon: what consequences for dengue and chikungunya transmission? Tropical Medicine and International Health. 13(9), 1176-1179. WHO. (2006) Chikungunya in India. Available online: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2006_10_17/en/print.html. Accessed on: 28th January 2010. WHO. (2008) Chikungunya in South-West Asia Update. Available online: http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section2246_13975.htm. Accessed on: 28th January 2010. WHO. (2009) Chikungunya Fever, a re-emerging Disease in Asia. Available online: . Accessed on: 20th February 2010. Yoosuf, A. A., Shiham, I., Mohamed, A. J., Ali, G., Luna, J. M., Pandav, R., Gongal, G. N., Nisaluk, A., Jarman, R. G., Gibbons, R. V. (2008) First report of chikungunya from the Maldives. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygeine. 103(2), 192-196.

Illegal Immigration Essay

What Are The Negatives of Illegal Immigration in The U. S.? 1 . ) What I already know (and don’t know) about my topic I know that illegal immigration is a big topic that is always talked about in the United States. I know that some people believe it is a big problem, but others don’t think it is a problem at all. I know that illegal aliens come to our county for many different reasons. Some of them include work, to get a better life, or to escape a dangerous homeland. These immigrants have to come to this country illegally because the process to come legally is long and they may never be granted citizenship. I know that them coming to our country is hurting our economy. They come here and get jobs that could be going to unemployed U. S. citizens, and since they aren’t citizens they don’t pay taxes that all true citizens have to pay. Also they send a lot of the money they make back to their homeland and it never goes back into the U. S. economy. I know that our government spends a lot of money hiring border patrol and buying equipment to help keep these illegal aliens from getting across the border, and the money that pays for this comes out of the legal citizens taxes. If these illegal mmigrants come to our country and need medical care the hospitals are legally required to give them the medical care they need and hardworking American citizens pay for their care with our taxes. What I don’t know is how much these illegal aliens actually cost the economy. I don’t know much about the immigrant’s trip to get to the United States. I want to know the details about their Journey and how that impacts the legal Americans that live right around the border where these immigrants are crossing, and how it affects people from all over the rest of the United States. I want o know if the Jobs that these illegal immigrants are getting are actually taking them away from legal citizens or are these Just the Jobs that the Americans don’t want to work. Is all the money that they make here illegally being sent back to Mexico or where ever they come from or do they help our economy and spend it here? I want to know if the dangerous trip here is actually worth risking your life to make it to the U. S. 2. ) Why I want to answer this question You hear about this problem being talked about by almost everyone. You can turn on the news and see something pertaining to illegal immigration in our country. They ven have TV shows now that are all about border patrol and catching these illegals. I want to know how it directly affects me, and I want to know what is being done to prevent this and what can be done to make it worth going the legal route instead of sneaking across the border. 3. ) The story of my search I began my research while sitting in my dorm. I was lying around procrastinating and watching TV. The guide channel was on and I saw a show called Border Wars. I thought to myself might as well watch it, it should be an easy way to do research. While watching this show it was amazing to me how many men, women, and children ctually try to cross the border every day. According to the show thousands of illegals attempt to cross the border illegally every day (Border Wars). What I also found so interesting is how they cross. They would come up with some of the craziest ways that I would never think of. One of the ways that this show pointed out was they immigrants over the fence with the crane and set them down on the other side. The show also pointed out that people were digging tunnels that went from the Mexican side of the border under the fence and they would come up in a house on the U. S. side. Most of them however Just walk across the border and try to stay hidden by the cover of darkness. The trip over is no easy one, it is very dangerous and they cross a lot of tough terrain. In the past year there have been over 200 immigrants found dead that were trying to cross the border. Many immigrants try to cross our border illegally every day but how much do the aliens actually cost the U. S. citizens? Many people don’t realize how much money illegal aliens actually cost legal citizens in the U. S. According to the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), illegal mmigration cost tax payers $113 billion a year at the federal, state, and local level (Illegal Immigration). The majority of this goes to paying for the education of the illegals children. Another big part of this number being this high is the medical cost of all the aliens. If they get hurt they can go to the hospital and get treated. Since they are illegal they will most likely not pay their bill, and all the legal citizens are stuck paying for their medical care. Also hiring border patrol and getting high tech equipment is a big cost to the people in America. The government has to get motion ameras, infrared cameras, helicopters, and many other supplies to keep the crossing of illegals to a minimum. The illegals are not helping pay hardly any of this because they don’t pay taxes, and the ones that do pay taxes get most of it back in refunds. According to the Center for Immigration studies illegals pay much less in taxes than do legal citizens. The numbers show that illegals pay around $1 ,3710n average in income taxes while legal citizens are paying o average $7,103 yearly (Camarota, Steven). People always complain about taxes being too high and illegal immigrants play a part in this problem. Immigration is also a danger to people living near the border and to the immigrants themselves. People who live near the border have to come in contact with these illegals who could want to do anything possible to make it into our country; some might even resort to harming them. Also with the illegals coming drug smugglers are also crossing our border to get there drugs sold. These drug runners can be very dangerous and willing to do anything to not get caught. They are willing to do anything because the cartels that are having them bring the drugs could be threatening them or their families to do so. A story of this posted by ABC News said that a border patrol agent was shot in the back and killed during an altercation with drug smugglers. In the article ABC News stated 40 year old Brian Terry was shot in the back and killed while pursuing drug smugglers. He was with a team of three other men when they approached the men and they opened fire. Terry was able to shoot one of the men but then was shot from behind. He was life-flighted to the hospital but had passed away in route. The other border agents were able to apprehend four of the suspects but one of them happened to escape (Hossford, Matt). This Just goes to show you that some of these people crossing our border illegally can be very dangerous. It is dangerous for the immigrants because of the terrain that they have to cross and also because of the cartels. Many of the immigrants that cross the border do so with the help of the cartels. They charge the immigrants a big fee to get them here and if immigrants don’t pay them in full they members of the immigrant. This also causes a big threat to the men and women working for the border patrol, they face dangerous situations every day when dealing with the problem of illegal immigration. How do we solve the problem of our dangerous borders and illegal immigration? One way to help solve the illegal immigration problem is to allow more immigrants to come into our country legally per year. According to the Immigration and Nationality Act the United States allows 675,000 legal immigrants to gain citizenship per year (Wasem, Ruth). If this number was raised then less people would have to cross the border illegally each year. Another way we could prevent this problem is to build a fence that covers the whole border. However this would be a very expensive build and many people don’t think it ould be affective. Part of the border with Mexico already does have a fence and illegal aliens still manage to cross it in various ways. Also a way to solve this problem would be to allow more immigrants to get into the country on work visas. If they would allow more work visas immigrants would be able to make money to send back to their families and they would be paying taxes that could help support the U. S. economy instead of doing all their work under the table. . ) What I learned After completing all my research on the topic of illegal immigration from Mexico I ave learned a lot of valuable information. One of the most valuable pieces of info I learned about was how the immigrants will take any measures necessary to get into our country even if it means risking their own lives. Another thing that I learned while doing my research is the actual number of immigrants that cross the border every year. I believe that this number is so high because there is no real punishment if you get caught crossing the border. All that will happen to you is you will be sent back to your homeland. I learned that the number of legal immigrants allow into the country s kind of a low number so a lot of these immigrants don’t have the chance to be allowed legal citizenship. I also learned that the immigrants that make this effort to cross have a very hard and dangerous Journey. It was surprising to me how many of them died on their trip to the United States. I think this number is probably higher than what we know; there are probably many illegals that die on their Journey and are never found. It was also interesting to me how little illegal immigrants pay in taxes each year compared to legal U. S. citizens.

How Is Curley’s Wife Presented †Victim or Villain? Essay

Curley’s wife is the only women at the ranch in Of Mice and Men. She is generally portrayed as a young, lonely, bored and childish girl. â€Å"Baloney!† is her ‘word.’ This single word shows that she thinks she is a movie star. No one really talks like this. All the way through the book, it is evident this is how she sees her life; unreal, like a movie and dramatic. Curley’s wife is talked about before she is seen in the book. The first actual mention of her is ‘wife.’ Already it has been established that she has no name, she is just Curley’s wife. The men see her as a women, not as a real person. The swamper gives his opinion straight away on her. He immediately agrees that she is ‘purty’ but has ‘got the eye.’ This shows that the men see her as just a pretty girl, who means nothing. The fact that they mention she has the eye gives the impression that the men have been watching her, and are curious about her, as they have noticed this. This also shows that the men see her as provocative, and the swamper gets this impression over to George straight away, so all the book he treats her in a biased way, because of what was said then. He then describes her as ‘†¦a tart.’ This is very discriminatory and shows what most of the men think about her. They do not understand her, so she must be a tart! The swamper also invited George to ‘look her over.’ They are treating her like a possession, not a human being. Curley’s wife’s first appearance happens soon after George and Lennie hear about her. She stands in the doorway ‘looking in.’ This puts her immediately in place as the outsider, always looking in, never part of the action. She is described as ‘heavily made up’ and this tells you a lot about her. There is no reason to be heavily made up on a ranch, so she must have to much time on her hands. The fact she is wearing so much makeup tells us that Curley’s wife is bored. Also her hair is in ‘little rolled clusters,’ something which takes an extreme amount of time, pointing further to the fact that she is bored. Her ‘cotton house dress’ and ‘red mules’ are completely inappropriate dress for a ranch, and are actually quite expensive, film star clothes, giving us the impression that she thinks a lot about herself. When she speaks, it is evident she is socially awkward, as she doesn’t introduce herself or even say hello, just states that she is ‘lookin’ for Curley.’ Her voice is ‘nasal, brittle,’ which is not sexy, even though this is how she portrays herself through her makeup and clothes. When George answers her,  she doesn’t leave, but asks â€Å"Your the new fellas†¦ aint you?† This shows that she wasn’t actually looking for Curley, she is just trying to start up a convocation and doesn’t really know how to do it, further pointing at the fact she is socially awkward. Also she moves so her body is ‘thrown forward,’ trying to show off her best assets to the new guys, so she thinks a lot about herself and is a massive flirt! However, this idea as changes when she ‘bridles’ under Lennie’s eyes. This shows that she doesn’t actually like being looked at, and is uncomfortable with men looking at her. Therefore, surely this points to the fact that she isn’t a tart! When she offers to go somewhere else, she says it ‘playfully’ as if she is wishing the men will ask her to stay, as she wants the company and again is flirting. Throughout this, George has hinted that he wants her to go away four times, but she is either ignorant and has not got the message or is just plain lonely and doesn’t care if they want his company or not. Her next sentence, ‘Nobody can’t blame a person for lookin’ is very staged. Again, this wording is only used in the movies and her line sounds fake and practised. It is almost like she is play acting, and unreal. When Slim arrives, and tells her straight that she can’t be looking very hard she turns ‘apprehensive’ and ‘hurries away.’ This shows that she is actually quite scared that the Slim knows what she is up too, and also that she is quite scared of Curley. Her first appearance confirms the stereotypes that were placed on her before we met her. However, these stereotypes do not hold up through the book. Her second appearance is in Crooks’ barn. She straight away gives her usual excuse for being around the men ‘any of you boys seen Curley?’ It is obvious that she again is not really looking for Curley, just wants the company. Also the word boys shows that she doesn’t really considers Crooks Candy and Lennie men, as they both have what she considered bad quality’s therefore they are not rea l men. She again is ‘heavily made up,’ which shows that she is bored and has too much time on her hands. She calls Crooks, Candy and Lennie the ‘weak ones,’ even though Lennie is obviously far from weak. She identifies them as weak because they are the unpopular ones, she knows how to hurt them, but is only doing this as she is angry at being left behind herself. By saying this she is also identifying herself as weak, this is why she really said ‘they left the weak ones behind,’ she is including herself in that. Also by saying she  knows where Curley is, â€Å"I know where they all went,† she is admitting that she is not in Crooks’ room to look for him and that she is just craving company. She regards them ‘amusedly’ showing that she has no respect for these ‘weak’ men, before giving her view on mankind. When Crooks mentioned her husband, she really lets off what she feels for him, â€Å"Swell guy, ain’t he?† She brings up Curley’s hand, as she wants the gossip, as when she asks her face is ‘interested.’ When she doesn’t believe his answer she says her favourite word, â€Å"Baloney!† This, as I said above, is a childish and movie star attitude, showing that she thinks she is living in a fairy tale. Next, she shows us how much contempt she fe els for her life, â€Å"An’ what am I doin’?† She knows that she regrets marrying Curley and feels her life is going nowhere. She then decided the only way to interest is to insult, and called the men ‘nigger,’ ‘dum dum’ and ‘lousy old sheep.’ She is taking out her anger at her man being in the cat house and her life going down the toilet and the men, who can’t do anything about her. She doesn’t even care when Candy tells her where to go, just replies in her film star way with â€Å"Baloney† showing she doesn’t care a jot! She barely flinches when Candy insults her, and turns her attentions to Lennie, where Lennie makes a fatal slip up. The way she just turns her attention to Lennie shows that she is actually hurt by what Candy has said, but is trying to hide it. She is quite sensible with Lennie, but flips her anger on Crooks and threatens to get him ‘strung up on a tree.’ The fact that she needs to throw her anger on to someone shows how reckless she is, and completely not in control of her own emotions. When Lennie threatens to tell she says that â€Å"Nobody’d listen to you.† She knows the men’s weak points and are using their weakness to keep herself safe, a bad quality in a person showing she is selfish. She leaves when Crooks says the guys are back, further showing how scared she is of Curley’s wrath. Her final appearance is in the barn with Lennie, the place where she dies. She came into the barn very ‘quietly,’ showing she is sly and sneaky. She is yet again ‘heavily made-up’ wearing the ‘cotton dress’ with the ‘mules.’ Again, this is completely unsuitable for the ranch and shows she has too much time on her hands and she thinks she lives in a movie, where she always has to be made up. She was ‘quite near’ to Lennie, showing she has no recognition for personal space and is awkward with people. She calls him â€Å"sonny boy† which is again only a thing a movie star  would say, and is very patronising towards Lennie. From this you can tell that she really is selfish, and doesn’t realise how much her words can hurt people. She ‘laughed’ when Lennie refused to talk to her, she is either ignorant, completely stupid, or doesn’t care if Lennie wants her there or not! When he refused again she knelt ‘beside him;’ she will not take no for an answer! She uses emotional blackmail on Lennie, as she says she gets ‘awful lonely,’ which shows she is very crafty and actually cleverer then she is made out to be, though she doesn’t use her intelligence for positive things. When she sees the puppy; â€Å"Why, he’s dead!† we see that she is chocked, and wary of Lennie now. This also shows us that she has got a heart! When she starts telling her story, neither of the two listen to each other. She doesn’t seem to care though, and refuses to see that Lennie isn’t interested. We find out the reason for her movie star addiction, and see her naivety as she actually thinks the man wrote to her; â€Å"I never got that letter†¦I always thought my ol’ lady stole it. We find out she married out of spite; â€Å"So I married Curley.† This explains her constant flirting with men, she does not love Curley in any way. She is very materialistic as she wants â€Å"them nice clothes like they [movie stars] wear† instead of the actual fame. This shows she doesn’t really understand what being famous is and thinks it’s all about nice clothes. When she realises Lennie isn’t listening she turns ‘angrily’ on him. She thinks her story is amazing, and that she really could be famous, and that everyone should think her life is the most interesting thing in the world. She actually ‘moved away from him a little’ when he moves close to her, giving us another view of her, that she is not a tart, and doesn’t actually like men being close to her! Overall, she dies because of her vanity. She invites Lennie to ‘feel’ her hair. She dies of her own stupidity, as she is too scared to shut up. She dies because she is too naive, to trusting, and much too vain. ‘Let go, you let go!’ Steinbeck portrays her as a girl throughout the entire book. Everytime he mentions her he calls her a ‘girl’ giving us a contrast between the sexy arrogant woman and the young naive girl. Much of how he sees her is portrayed in death. He says that all the ‘meanness,’ ‘plannings,’ ‘discontent,’ and ache for attention,’ are all gone. This shows us that all of her bad quality’s have been made by life, life has made her bitter. He says that her ‘rouged cheeks’ and ‘reddened lips’ made her ‘alive’ in away.  This gives the impression that she is innocent in death, that she is almost a sleeping beauty, and that she is now at peace with herself. In death, she is the poster girl she always wanted to be, and this is how Steinbeck sees her. I think he sees her as a victim, as in death we see a poor innocent girl, not a heartless selfish women. I personally think Curley’s wife is a victim in Of Mice And Men. Life has been hard for her, she has been overcome with pride, pity, lies, stupidity and vanity. She actually died because of her own stupidity, and her death was partly her fault. I feel that her victim qualities outweigh her villain qualities. Yes she always found others to blame, found the bad in people, and criticised everyone in sight. She was lonely, and her mistakes in life backfired on her. I think that the part of the book that shows us she was a victim was not where she was murdered, but actually, was before we even met her, when the boys were talking about her in the barn. When George and Lennie immediately believe what Candy says and immediately stereotype her. The sentence which most classes Curley’s wife as a victim were the words â€Å"I think Curley’s married†¦ a tart.†

The Impacts of Chernobyl Nuclear Accident in the US essays

The Impacts of Chernobyl Nuclear Accident in the US essays The Impacts of Chernobyl Nuclear Accident in the US Nuclear energy used to be a dream energy source because it did not emit air pollutants as long as they were operating properly. The US government and Utility Companies invested billions of dollars to build and develop nuclear power plants. However, its magic was collapsed on April 26, 1986. A series of explosions in a nuclear power plant in Chernobyl blew the massive roof off the reactor building and flung radioactive debris and dust high into the atmosphere to encircle the plant. Although the Chernobyl accident was thousands of miles away and did not cause direct damage to the US, we were able to experience the tragedy through the media. This accident took thousands of lives and contaminated the land, but it resulted in bringing the following positive effects in the US: people became aware of the risks involved with nuclear power, it led to public opposition, and the government and utility companies tried to find cleaner and safer alternative energy sources. Through the media, people became aware of the risks involved with using nuclear power as an energy source. Before the accident, the majority of people were ignorant in regards to nuclear power, and it was only understood among the physicists. However, it became public knowledge after the incident. The media reported how the system worked. The heat, which was generated by a nuclear fission chain reaction, can produce high-pressure steam, which spins turbines that in turn generate electricity. Also, the media reported the serious damages of the accident and visualized them. The explosion took 32,000 lives, contaminated 62,000 square miles of the land with radioactivity, and a half-million people suffered from cancers (Miller, 1999, p.540). In spite of this distant accident, such virtual experiences through the media generalized more knowledge of nuclear power and its risk. ...

Free Essays on The Old Man And The Perennial Questions

The Old Man and the Perennial Questions The Old Man and the Sea is a classic novella by Ernest Hemingway that draws upon Socrates’ eternal Perennial Questions to put across a theme of honor in struggle, life, and death. The main character, Santiago, is an old fisherman who has been on a low for 84 days. Even though he has not caught anything, the boy, Manolin still looks up to him. Hemingway uses Santiago’s perseverance to show that he is a character to admire. Socrates’ questions also emphasize this point. â€Å"Am I free or determined† is the first query that stresses Hemingway’s themes. In this work, many of Santiago’s actions reflect Socrates’ eternal question â€Å"Am I free or determined?† The main character feels that he does not control his luck with fishing – he says it is all up to God. Santiago thus thinks of himself as determined. Manolin, the boy that looks up to the old fisherman, tells Santiago that he is bound to have good luck because he had once gone 87 days without catching a fish. Manolin, also thinks that Santiago is determined, that his catching fish is all dependent on how many days he has gone without caching fish. This all happens before Santiago even leaves the shore and starts fishing. When he gets onto the sea, Santiago begins to speak to himself. While he is struggling with the Marlin, Santiago begins to wonder if it is his fate to be lead away by the fish. Whether it is his destiny to be pulled out to sea and die while trying to catch the fish. Santiago's insistence that he will sail out farther than ever befo re foreshadows his destruction, because the marlin is linked to Santiago, the marlin's death foreshadows Santiago's own destruction by the sharks. The sharks causing destruction by eating Santiago’s prized catch and ruining his chances of making a large profit at the market. Making a profit at the market is one that Santiago claims to know and be sure of. This thought of his an... Free Essays on The Old Man And The Perennial Questions Free Essays on The Old Man And The Perennial Questions The Old Man and the Perennial Questions The Old Man and the Sea is a classic novella by Ernest Hemingway that draws upon Socrates’ eternal Perennial Questions to put across a theme of honor in struggle, life, and death. The main character, Santiago, is an old fisherman who has been on a low for 84 days. Even though he has not caught anything, the boy, Manolin still looks up to him. Hemingway uses Santiago’s perseverance to show that he is a character to admire. Socrates’ questions also emphasize this point. â€Å"Am I free or determined† is the first query that stresses Hemingway’s themes. In this work, many of Santiago’s actions reflect Socrates’ eternal question â€Å"Am I free or determined?† The main character feels that he does not control his luck with fishing – he says it is all up to God. Santiago thus thinks of himself as determined. Manolin, the boy that looks up to the old fisherman, tells Santiago that he is bound to have good luck because he had once gone 87 days without catching a fish. Manolin, also thinks that Santiago is determined, that his catching fish is all dependent on how many days he has gone without caching fish. This all happens before Santiago even leaves the shore and starts fishing. When he gets onto the sea, Santiago begins to speak to himself. While he is struggling with the Marlin, Santiago begins to wonder if it is his fate to be lead away by the fish. Whether it is his destiny to be pulled out to sea and die while trying to catch the fish. Santiago's insistence that he will sail out farther than ever befo re foreshadows his destruction, because the marlin is linked to Santiago, the marlin's death foreshadows Santiago's own destruction by the sharks. The sharks causing destruction by eating Santiago’s prized catch and ruining his chances of making a large profit at the market. Making a profit at the market is one that Santiago claims to know and be sure of. This thought of his an...

Assesing organizational readiness for change Essay

Assesing organizational readiness for change - Essay Example The first step is to assign at least one designated change agent responsible for overseeing the change effort. â€Å"It is very important for the leader of change to seek the active support of the workforce population† (Edosomwan, 2009, p.13). In a meeting with senior managers and important middle managers, this change agent should be elected to take on the responsibility of communicating the importance of the relocation effort with employees and coordinate the necessary human resources activities necessary to keep motivation high and commitment top-notch. People are often resistant to change, especially in a situation where Med-Qpment would be uprooting most of its staff and forcing them, and their families, to move into a different part of the state. Issues of job security will be considered, along with their basic physiological concerns, such as the costs of selling their homes or purchasing new homes to meet the change goal. After electing the change agent, they should be exposed to the realistic budget for this change effort and produce a qualitative questionnaire for distribution to the employees that can address individual concerns about the change. This questionnaire should highlight issues such as telecommuting possibilities (to avoid relocation) as well as any counseling services that might be required on behalf of human resources. Two experts in this kind of change offers that failed relocations can cost approximately $115,000 for each employee (Lachnit & Solomon), something Med-Qpment cannot afford currently. As the practicing change agent, these questionnaires can be distributed in a group meeting format where discussion about the probable relocation can occur face-to-face. â€Å"In times of change, interpersonal interaction with peers and superiors is highly valued, making such relationships a salient feature in shaping readiness† (Bouckenooghe, Devos &

A Man Dedicated to the Struggle for Racial Equality Research Paper

A Man Dedicated to the Struggle for Racial Equality - Research Paper Example Though Dr. Chavis is well-known as a civil right movement leader who worked closely with the Prominent African-American leader, Martin Luther King, he has actively took part in a number of other movements including â€Å"National African American Leadership Summit† (NAALS), â€Å"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People† (NAACP), Million March, etc. From the very beginning of his youth, he has started an activist’s life. While he had been a freshman at St. Augustine College in 1965, he became Martin Luther King’s youth coordinator for the State of North Carolina. In the same year, he also joined the â€Å"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee† (SNCC), the â€Å"American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees† (AFSCME), and the â€Å"Congress of Racial Equality† (CORE). Religious Activism of Benjamin Chavis Mohammed One of the most significant aspects of Benjamin Chavis’ activism is the religiou s dimension. ... In 1968, starting his career as a field officer in the â€Å"United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice† Chavis Mohammad significantly contributed to the coordination of racial justice strategies with American Black community. Starting with the membership in the â€Å"Southern Christian Leadership Conference† (SCLC) Benjamin had been involved with a significant number of Christianity related organizations throughout his whole life until he joined the Nation of Islam. Though his strategy to join the Nation of Islam was to set an example of peaceful religious cohabitation and to increase the religious tolerance, he was suspended by the authority of the â€Å"United Church of Christ† (UCC). Often some critics allege that Benjamin Chavis’ religiosity was more of a strategy to survive amid the hostility of the whites than of a wholehearted Christian emotion. In this regard, Encyclopedia of World Biography writes that in the mid 20th century, even as the walls of racial segregation was crumbling down under the crushing pressures of various civil society movements, leaders like Chavis Muhammad and Martin Luther King’s were being â€Å"shaped against this back drop of hatred and bigotry. Chavis became involved in his church, finding shelter from such hostile attitudes†. (Encyclopedia of World Biography 1) Racial Awareness and Family-inspiration to Fight for Rights Since Benjamin Chavis was blissfully born in a self-aware African-American family, he was familiar with the black people’s struggle for right in the white dominated US society.